Haqeeqat Ki Shikshaprad Kahaniyaan (Haqeeqat's Educative stories): For Students

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(All exercises by Hakikat Rai Sharma)

Passive Voice

Present Indefinite Tense

A.V. - She writes a letter.

P.V. - A letter is written by her.

A.V. - She does not write a letter.

P.V. - A letter is not written by her.

A.V. - Does she write a letter?

P.V. - Is a letter written by her?

A.V. - Where does she write a letter?

P.V. - Where is a letter written by her?

Present Continuous Tense

A.V. - She is writing a letter.

P.V. - A letter is being written by her.

A.V. - She is not writing a letter.

P.V. - A letter is not being written by her.

A.V. - Is she writing a letter?

P.V. - Is a letter being written by her?

A.V. - Where is she writing a letter?

P.V. - Where is a letter being written by?

Present Perfect Tense

A.V. - She has written a letter.

P.V. - A letter has been written by her.

A.V. - She has not written a letter.

P.V. - A letter has not been written by her.

A.V. - Has she written a letter?

P.V. - Has a letter been written by her?

A.V. - Where has she written a letter?

P.V. - Where has a letter been written by her?

Past Indefinite Tense

A.V. - His sister played games.

P.V. - Games were played by his sister.

A.V. - His sister did not play games.

P.V. – Games were not played by his sister.

A.V. - Did his sister play games?

P.V. – Were games played by his sister?

A.V. – Where did his sister play games?

P.V. – Where were games played by his sister?

Past Continuous Tense

A.V. - His sister was playing games.

P.V. - Games were being played by his sister.

A.V. - His sister was not playing games.

P.V. - Games were not being played by his sister.

A.V. - Was his sister playing games?

P.V. - Were games being played by his sister?

A.V. – Where was his sister playing games?

P.V. - Where were games being played by his sister?

Past Perfect Tense

A.V. – His sister had played games.

P.V. – Games had been played by his sister.

A.C. – His sister had not played games.

P.V. – Games had not played by his sister.

A.V. – Had his sister played games?

P.V. – Had games been played by his sister?

A.V. – Where had his sister played games?

P.V. – Where had games been played by his sister?

Future Indefinite Tense

A.V. - Robert will sing a song.

P.V. - A song will be sung by Robert.

A.V. - Robert will not sing a song.

P.V. - A song will not be sung by Robert.

A.V. - Will Robert sing a song?

P.V. - Will a song be sung by Robert?

A.V. - Where will Robert sing a song?

P.V. - Where will a song be sung by Robert?

Future Perfect Tense

A.V. – Robert will have sung a song by 5:00 p.m.

P.V. – A song will have been sung by Robert by 5:00 p.m.

A.V. – Robert will not have sung a song by 5:00 p.m.

P.V. – A song will not have been sung by Robert by 5:00 p.m.

A.V. – Will Robert have sung a song by 5:00 p.m.?

P.V. – Will a song have been sung by Robert by 5:00 p.m.?

A.V. – Where will Robert have sung a song by 5:00 p.m.?

P.V. - Where will a song have been sung by Robert by 5:00 p.m.?

Verbs Followed By Modals

A.V. - His father could lift that heavy box.

P.V. – That heavy box could be lifted by his father.

A.V. - May I help those boys?

P.V. - May those boys be helped by me?

Imperative Sentences

A.V - Open the door.

P.V. - Let the door be opened by you.

or

You are ordered to open the door

or

It is ordered to open the door.

A.V. - Please help the needy.

P.V. - You are requested to help the needy.

or

It is requested to help the needy.

Infinitive Verbs

A.V. - There was no room to let.

P.V. - There was no room to be let.

A.V. - You are to finish the work now.

P.V. - The work is to be finished by you now.

Preposition Sentences

A.V. - She objected to his proposal.

P.V. - His proposal was objected to by her.

A.V. - They were listening to the reporter.

P.V. - The reporter was being listened to by them.

Two Objects

A.C - I told him this story.

P.V. - He was told this story by me.

or

This story was told to him by me.

A.C. - Has she given me a message?

P.V. - Have I been given a message by her?

Has a message been given to me by her?

Where ‘By’ Not Used

A.V. – She married George.

P.V. – George was married to her.

A.V. – This bottle contains milk.

P.V. - Milk is contained in this bottle.

Prepared by

HakikatRai Sharma

NOTE: READING, WRITING AND GRAMMAR SECTIONS OF ENGLISH ON YOUTUBE AND GOOGLE by typing HAKIKAT RAI SHARMA

MODALS

Read these two sentences aloud.

My father can sing a melodious song.

John could not win the prize.

Characteristics of Modals:

1. Auxiliary verb.

2. No change with the change in the number of subject.

3. Dependent.

1. Will - 1. She will dance. (Simple Futurity)

2. I will help her .(Promise)

3.We will win the match. (Determination)

2. Would– 1.The officer said that he would look into the matter. (Future Past)

2. Would you lend me your book? (Polite Request)
3. Would that I were rich! (Wish)
4. Her father would teach him English. (Repeated Action)

3. Shall –1.I shall buy a car. (Simple Futurity)

2. He shall do it. (Order)
3. You shall getchocolate. (Promise)

4. Should - 1. Students should burn the midnight oil. (Advice)

2. We said that we should reach intime. (Future Past)
3. Should he come here, give him this purse. (Condition)

5. Can - 1.She can go. (Permission)

2. Mary can solve this problem. (Ability)
3. This bucket can contain 10 kg milk. (Capacity)

6. Could -1. They could come here. (Possibility)

2. Could you lend me your car? (Polite Request)
3. My friend informed me that he could not visit them. (Past of can)

7. Must–1. Two and two must make four. (Mathematical fact|surety)

2.Principal must reach the school by 7 am. (Obligation)

3.The students must submit the assignment by Monday(Obligation)

8. May–1. It may rain. (Possibility)

      2. May he live long! (Blessings)
      3. Work hard so that you may succeed. (Purpose)
      4. May I go to see a movie? (Permission)

9. Might - 1. She said that she might see a film. (Past of May)

2. It might be a hot day. (Remote Possibility)
3.The shopkeeper said that his business might be poor.(Possibility)

10. Dare -My opponents dare not speak before me.

They dare not come to me now.(Used to gather courage)
Do not use ‘to’ after ‘dare’.

Note -He dared that wrestler to fight.

challenged

It is the main verb not a modal.

11. Need - She need not return my money.

I need not get his help.
Do not use ‘to’ after ‘need not.’

Note -We need provisions.

want

It is the main verb not a modal.

Supply correct modals.

Their brother said to John, “--------you lift this stone?” He tried but he-------not lift it. Then John said to the former, “We -------play a match today.” They played the match. John wasthe winner. He said to his opponent, “------you become a good player!” The other boy said, “you ------not make fun of me.”

Answers.

1. Can

2. Could

3. Will

4. May

5. Should

Prepared by

HAKIKAT RAI SHARMA

NOTE: READING, WRITING AND GRAMMAR SECTIONS OF ENGLISH ON YOUTUBE AND GOOGLE by typing HAKIKAT RAI SHARMA

THE NARRATION

Direct Narration:He said, “The king is brave.’’

Reporting verb-said

Reporting clause-He said

Reported speech-The king is brave.

Indirect Narration:He said that the king was brave.

What are the changes made in the indirect narration given above?

Removal of inverted commas

Removal of comma

Addition of ‘that’in place of inverted commas

‘T’has been written in small letter in ‘the’ and‘was’has been written in place of ‘is’

1 2 3-----See the type of person in the reported speech.

S O N -----See the subject and the object in the reporting clause.

There are three types of persons of pronouns.

The First Person-I,my, me; we,our,us

The Second Person-you,your and yours

The Third Person-He,his,him;she,her,her;they, their and them

Note:All names are in the third person.

When the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the indirect narration.

Direct:She says, “I shall play.”

Indirect:She says that she will play.

Direct: Mohan says to me, “I like you.”

Indirect: Mohan tells me that he likes me.

Indirect:My brother will say to me,“Smith will help you.’’

Indirect: My brother will tell me that Smith will help me.

Direct:He has said, “My brother has gone now.”

Indirect: He has said that his brother has gone now.

When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the indirect narration

will change into the corresponding past tense and the words showing the nearness in the space and time will change into the words showing distance.

Remember that there are some exceptions to this rule.

Changes of time, place and modals

Here there

Now then

This that

These those

Today that day

Tonight that night

Yesterday the previous day

Last night the previous night

Last week the previous week

Tomorrow the next day

Next week the following week

Ago before

Thus so

Hence thence

Hither thither

Come go

May might

Can could

Refer to a grammar book.

Assertive Sentences

Direct:She said, “I am well today.”

Indirect:She said that she was well that day.

Direct:They said to us, “We have done this piece of work just now.”

Indirect:They told us that they had done that piece of work just then.

Direct:My mother said to me,“Your sister has been playing for 2 hours.”

Indirect:My mother told me that my sister had been playing for 2 hours.

Direct:I said to John, “You have never kept your promise.”

Indirect:I complained to John that he had never kept his promise.

Direct:The teacher said in the class, “Two and two make four.”

Indirect:The teacher said in the class that two and two make four.

Or

The teacher taught/ informed the class that two and two make four.

Interrogative Sentences

Direct:The teacher said to him, “Are you happy here?”

Indirect:The Teacher asked him if (whether) he was happy there.

Direct:Student said to teacher,“Did you see me in the market yesterday?”

Indirect:The teacher asked boy if he had seen him in the market the previous day.

Direct: Ram said to her, “What are you doing now?’’

Indirect:Ram asked her what she was doing then.

Direct:She said to her husband,“When will you come back?”

Indirect:She asked her husband when he would come back.

Or

She inquired of her husband when he would come back.

Imperative sentences

Direct:The manager said to the peon, “Post this letter.”

Indirect:The manager ordered the peon to post that letter.

Direct:I said to the boys,“Do not pluck flowers.”

Indirect:I ordered the boys not to pluck flowers.

Or

I forbade the boys to pluck flowers.

Direct: Sita said to Geeta,“Please help me today.”

Indirect: Sita requested Geeta to help her that day.

Sentences beginning with ‘Let’.

Direct:Brother said to sister, “Let us go to play.”

Indirect:Brother proposed to sister that they should go to play.

Or

Brother asked/suggested to sister to go to play.

Direct:I said to my officer,“Let me go now.”

Indirect:I requested my officer to let me go then.

Exclamatory sentences

Direct:He said, “Alas! I have failed.”

Indirect:He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.

Direct:She said, “What a lovely flower!”

Indirect:She exclaimed with surprise that the flower was very lovely.

Or

She exclaimed with surprise/joy that it was a very lovely flower.

Direct:We said, “Hurrah! We have won this match!”

Indirect:We exclaimed with joy that we had won that match.

Direct:“Pooh!” said the young man to her, “You have again failed.”

Indirect:The young man exclaimed with contempt that she had again failed.

Optative Sentences

Direct:Mohan said to Mary, “May you live long!”

Indirect:Mohan wished that Mary might live long.

Or

Mohan prayed that Mary might live long.

Direct:The beggar said,“Would that I were rich!”

Indirect:The beggar wished that he had been rich.

Direct:My friend said,“If I were a king!”

Indirect:My friend wished that he would be a king

Or

My friend strongly wished to be a king.

Direct:My mother said, “Farewell, my friends!”

Indirect:My mother bade farewell to her friends.

Or

My mother bade her friends farewell.

Direct:Harry said, “Good morning! Archana. How are you here?’’

Indirect: Harry wished Archana good morning and asked how she was there.

Harry wished good morning to Archana and asked how she was there.

Miscellaneous Sentences

Direct: He said to us, “Thank you.”

Indirect: He thanked us.

Direct:Harry said to me, “I will help you.”

Indirect:Harry promised to help me.

Change the narration.

1. My mother said, “When will you return here?"

2. They say to me, “You are great”.

3. He has said, “I shall build a house”.

4. My sister said, “Does she like your manners?”

5. The commander said, “Start firing”.

Answers:

1. My mother asked when I should return there.

2. They tell me that I am great.

3. He has said that he will build a house.

4. My sister asked if she liked my/his manners.

5. The commander ordered the soldiers to start firing.

Q: Read the given conversation and complete the given report.

John: How are you, Mary?

Mary: I am fine. When did you reach Delhi?

John: I came here yesterday. What are you doing in this city?

Mary: I have settled here after marriage.

John: When did you get marry and what is your profession?

Mary: I am a cardiologist.

One day John met Mary and asked how...............She replied that she..............................................She inquired when he had reached Delhi. He told her that.........................and wanted to know what ........................in that city. Mary informed him ............................He further asked her when........................and what her.........................She added that.........................

ANSWERS:

1. she was

2. was fine

3. he had come there the previous day

4. she was doing

5. that she had settled there after marriage

6. she had got married

7. profession was

8. she was a cardiologist

Prepared by

Hakikat Rai Sharma

NOTE:READING, WRITING AND GRAMMAR SECTIONS OF ENGLISH ON YOUTUBE AND GOOGLE by typing HAKIKAT RAI SHARMA

CLAUSE AND ITS KINDS

Clause : A part of a sentence which has its own subject and a finite verb in called a clause.

He said that the he would see a film.

Clause 1 Clause 2

1. Principal Clause: The clause which is independent is called the Principal Clause.

My father worked when his brother was sleeping.

Principal Clause

She will not pass because she does not work hard.

Principal Clause

2. Coordinate Clause: The clause which is independent but generally begins with a coordinating

conjunction is called the Coordinate Clause.

Work carefully or you will cut a sorry figure.

Coordinate Clause

She promised to guide me but did not come.

Coordinate Clause

3. Subordinate Clause:The clause which depends on the Principal Clause(Main Clause) to complete its meaning is called the Subordinate Clause.

I told her that she should sing sincerely.

Subordinate Clause

I know how he is.

Subordinate Clause

KINDS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

1. Noun Clause: The clause which functions as a noun is called the Noun Clause.

She informed me that she would donate money.

Noun Clause

When she was born is unknown. (Read It before is)

Noun Clause

2. Adjective Clause: The clause which functions as an adjective is called the Adjective Clause.

Do you know the time when the school will reopen.

Adjective Clause

You do not see the reason why he failed.

Adjective Clause

3. Adverb Clause: The clause which functions as an adverb is called the Adverb clause.

They did not pass because they had no books.

Adverb Clause

As you sow so shall you reap.

Adverb Clause

EXERCISE

QUESTIONS:

Separate and describe the clauses in the following sentences.

1	She cannot hear it because she is deaf.
2	They said that they would swim.
3	She ate many bananas so she fell ill.
4	He was so slow that he could not win the race.
5	Make hay while the sun shines.
6	She does not like such boys as are dishonest.
7	Why she came here is not clear.
8	They wanted to meet her but she did not agree.
9	My mother liked Arun who also liked her.
10	The boy you saw yesterday is my friend.

ANSWERS:

1	She cannot hear it	Principal clause
	because she is deaf	Adverb clause of reason

2	They said	Principal clause
	that they would swim	Noun clause Object to the verb 'said'

3	She ate many bananas	Principal clause
	so she fell ill	Coordinate clause beginning with coordinating conjunction 'so'

4	He was so slow	Principal clause
	that he could not win the race	Adverb clause showing result

5	Make hay	Principal clause
	while the sun shines	Adverb clause showing time

6	She does not like such boys	Principal clause
	as are dishonest	Adjective clause qualifying the noun 'boys'

7	(It) is not clear	Principal clause
	why she came here	Noun clause subject to the verb 'is'

8	They wanted to meet her	Principal clause
	but she did not agree	Coordinate clause beginning with coordinating conjunction 'but'

9	My mother liked Arun	Principal clause
	who (and he) also liked her	Coordinate clause beginning with coordinate conjunction 'and'

10	The boy is my friend	Principal clause
	(whom) you saw yesterday	Adjective clause qualifying the noun 'boy'

KINDS OF SENTENCES

1. Simple Sentence: A sentence which has only one finite verb is called the Simple Sentence.

1. He ran fast.

2. They were cheerful.

2. Compound Sentence: A sentence which has a principal clause and at least one coordinate clause is called the Compound Sentence.

1. Do it now otherwise you will repent.

2. They made many promises but failed to keep them.

3. Complex Sentence: A sentence which has a principal clause and at least one subordinate clause is called the Complex sentence,

1. I know that you are expert.

2. They arrived when the train had left.

4. Mixed Sentence: A sentence which has a principal clause,a coordinate clause and at least one subordinate clause is called the Mixed Sentence.

1. My sister came here and informed us that her friend would arrange a party.

2. The poet recited a poem but his voice was so low that the audience did not like it.

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

Transform the following Sentences.

1 1. She is more beautiful than any other girl in the class. (use superlative degree)

2 2. They are honest. (use a noun)

3 3. They were brave. (any way)

4 4. They fought carelessly. (any way)

5 5. My father passed the test. (any way)

6 6. He is so weak that he cannot walk. (use too)

7 7 He is the boy who has topped this class. (Change into simple sentence)

8 8. In spite of hard work, he failed. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

9 9 .My friend said it. (Rewrite in Passive voice)

1 10. It is a matter of sorrow that he has lost a lot of money. (Rewrite using ‘Alas’)

1 11. You will pass by working hard. (make a complex sentence)

1 12. What if we fail. ( Rewrite using ‘It’ )

1 13. Is all that glitters gold? ( Make negative)

1 14. You Know as much as I know. (use comparative degree)

1 15. She is too haughty to say sorry. (use so ……. that)

Answers

Transformation of Sentences

1. She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

2. They have honesty.

3. They had bravery.

They showed bravery.

4. They were careless in fighting.

They showed carelessness in fighting.

5. My father got success in the test.

My father did not fail in the test.

6. He is too weak to walk.

7. That boy has topped this class.

That boy is the topper of this class.

8. He worked hard but failed.

He worked hard yet he failed.

9. It was said by my friend.

10. Alas! he has lost a lot of money.

11. If you work hard, you will pass.

You will not pass unless you work hard.

12. It does not matter, if we fail.

13. All that glitters is not gold.

14. You do not know less than I Know.

I do not Know more than you (know).

15. She is so haughty that she will not say sorry.

Note: Other correct answers will be accepted.

Grammar

Transitive and Intransitive verbs

Transitive Verbs

1. He plays a match.

2. They followed me.

3. Does he see films?

4. My father painted a picture.

5. John has not produced these films.

Intransitive Verbs

1. Birds fly.

2. They have been laughing for an hour.

3. She sang.

4. Our mother will be smiling.

5. A baby cried.

One verb used Transitively and Intransitively

1. My uncle ran a race. (Transitive)

My uncle ran. (Intransitive)

2. Parrot flew away. (Intransitively)

Boys flew kites. (Transitively)

A Transitive verb has an object.

An Intransitive has no object.

Articles

There are two types of articles.

Definite - The

Indefinite - A and An

The

1) He reads the Hindustan Times.

2) She travelled by the Rajdhani Express.

3) John reads the Bible.

4) Smith has seen the Taj Mahal.

5) The sun rises in the east.

6) Tannu is the best student.

7) I have seen the Himalayas.

8) Aman is the Amitabh Bachan of our colony.

9) See the second book.

10. She came on the 10^th of November.

1) Tannu has a book.

2) You had a pet.

3) He joined a union.

4) I have read in a university.

1) Shifa is an honest girl.

2) My friend ate an apple.

3) They bought an inkpot.

4) She carried an umbrella.

QUESTION TAGS

Add question tags

1. He was playing.

2. They are reading books.

3. I see film.

4. She will not encourage me.

5. He has finished the task.

6. They had not already met the leader.

7. She does not iron clothes.

8. My brother should play tennis.

9. Their classmates do not support me.

10. I am acting in a film.

11. They will compose songs.

12. My mother worshipped Lord Krishna.

Answers

1. He was playing, wasn’t he?

2. They are reading books, aren’t they?

3. I see films, don’t I?

4. She will not encourage me, will she?

5. He has finished the task, hasn’t he?

6. They had not already met the leader, had they?

7. She does not iron clothes, does she?

8. My brother should play tennis, shouldn’t he?

9. Their classmates do not support me, do they?

10. I am acting in a film, aren’t I? (important)

11. They will compose songs, won’t they?

12. My mother worshipped Lord Krishna, didn’t she?

Subject and Predicate

1. She reads a book.

S P

2. Why is she weeping?

P S P

3. It is raining.

S P

4. There was a king.

S P

5. Down went, he.

P S

6. A good man is standing there.

S P

7. What is your friend doing?

P S P

8. I have no hobby.

S P

9. These books are theirs.

S P

10. Is your purse costly?

P S P

Make emphatic

Questions

1. She sings.

2. She played.

3. You should go.

4. You are to run.

5. He was to swim.

6. She will dance.

Answers

1. She does sing.

2. She did play.

3. You must go.

4. You have to run.

5. He had to swim.

6. She will have to dance.

Rewrite using ‘not’

Questions

1. He has a book.

2. She had a pen.

3. They had pens.

Answers

1. He does not have a book.

2. She did not have a pen.

3. They did not have pens.

Causative Verbs

Fill in the blanks

1. Pl. get this letter …………….. (post).

2. He ………… (get) it done yesterday.

3. Did he ………….. (get) him punished?

4. Have this coat ………. (iron).

5. She had the letter ………….. (write).

6. I ………… (cause) him to weep tomorrow.

7. We …………... (make) him ………….. (dancing) two days ago.

8. Make him ……....... (paid) the bill.

Answers

1. Posted

2. Got

3. Get

4. Ironed

5. Written

6. Shall/will cause

7. Made, dance

8. Pay

Supply correct prepositions

1. He jumped ………… the river.

2. She sat ………. Mary.

3. John succeeded …………. hard work.

4. My mother craved …………. honey.

5. You are known …………… your intelligence.

6. They differed …………..me ………….. many points.

7. Do not deprive him …………….money.

8. They longed …………..your support.

9. I cannot agree …………..your suggestions.

10. He looked at me ………… ………… a tree.

11. ……………. the Geeta, action is itself worship.

12. All must …………… the rules.

13. They are not acquainted ……….... this procedure.

14. She was acquitted ……………. the charge.

15. This reward was bestowed …………… her yesterday.

16. She is crazy …………… new song.

17. Cure him ………… fever.

18. Her husband deals …………… sugar.

19. They left ……………Kanpur two days ago.

20. They have distributed photostat copies …………..15 students.

Answers

1. Into

2. wish/beside/behind before etc

3. by dint of

4. for

5. for

6. with….over

7. of

8. for

9. to

10. from behind

. 11. According to

12. abide by

13. with

14. off

15. on/upon

16. for/about

17. of

18. in

19. for

20. among

Note: In some sentences, other answers are possible.

Non- Finites

Infinitive:

Simple Infinitive - To + First form of verb (Present Tense)

1. She wanted to play.

2. He ran to catch her.

Perfect Infinitive- To have + III form of verb (Past Participle)

1. He is said to have disappeared.

2. Authorities are supposed to have removed him.

Bare (without to) Infinitive- First form of verb (Present Tense)

He helped me sing.

They made me laugh.

Refer to a grammar book for details.

Participles:

Present Participle- First form of verb (Present Tense) + ing

I saw a flying bird.

Going home, we met a hermit.

Past Participle- III form of verb (Past Participle)

He is disappointed.

This glass is broken.

Perfect Participle- Having + III form of verb (Past Participle)

Having passed M.A., he became a teacher.

Having taken dinner, we went to bed.

Gerund: First form of verb (Present Tense) + ing

Swimming is a good exercise.

He is fond of drinking.

Important:

Reading (Present Participle) a book, he became happy.

On reading (Gerund) a book, he became happy.

Exercise :-

Fill in the blanks with correct non- finites.

1. They are known for ........................ houses. (construct)

2. She helped me ..................... losses. (recover)

3. Ram is interested in ....................... (paint)

4. ..................................... loan, we started a business. (Take)

5. She is brave but looks ........................ (deject)

6. I become very happy when I see a..................... river. (flow)

7. Seeing is .................. (believe)

8. Ram attacked Rawana .................. Sita. (rescue)

Answers:

1. constructing

2. recover

3. painting

4. Having taken

5. dejected

6. flowing

7. believing

8. to rescue

For Students

Correct the following sentences:

1. He has been reading for morning.

2. Mary was playing for a long time.

3. We know Razia for a long time.

4. She is liking her friends.

5. I know the boy who have found your purse.

6. My mother has come yesterday.

7. The first and second students are Sonia’s brothers.

8. One of those book was selected.

9. He went before the train arrived.

10. She had gone after I reached there.

ANSWERS:

Incorrect Correct

1. for since

2. was had/has been

3. know have known

4. is liking likes

5. have has

6. has come came

7. second the second

8. book books

9. went had gone

10. had gone went

reached had reached

Correct the spellings

1. Acomodation

2. Tuetion

3. Leftinant

4. Pronounciation

5. Momento

6. Playright

7. Transfered

8. Etiquate

Correct the following sentences

1. The sceneries of England are very beautiful.

2. John as well as his companion have gone.

3. No sooner did Smith came then she departed.

4. Never he has bought a painting.

Change the voice

1. He plays hockey.
2. You sing songs.
3. He is taking food.
4. Has he played hockey?
5. My mother cooks food.
6. Have you seen the Taj Mahal?
7. Who teaches you Mathematics?
8. What is he saying?
9. Did he sing two songs?
10. Please sign this letter.
11. Did they pass the examination?
12. Does he buy books?
13. What will he do?
14. My mother has solved these sums.
15. Where did you find these pens?
16. Ram was writing a letter.
17. A man was being taught by Suresh.
18. Please help me.
19. Do not sit here.
20. Can he help them?

Answers:
1. Hockey is played by him.
2. Songs are sung by you.
3. Food is being taken by him.
4. Has hockey been played by him?
5. Food is cooked by my mother.
6. Has the Taj Mahal been seen by you?
7. By whom are you taught Mathematics?
                        or
By whom is Mathematics taught to you?
8. What is being said by him?
9. Were two songs sung by him?
10. You are requested to sign this letter.
                            or
It is requested to sign this letter.
11. Was the examination passed by them?
12. Are books bought by him?
13. What will be done by him?
14. These sums have been solved by my mother.
15. Where were these pens found by you?
16. A letter was being written by Ram?
17. Suresh was teaching a man.
18. You are requested to help me.
Or
   It is requested to help me.
19. It is ordered not to sit here.
Or
You are ordered not to sit here.
20. Can they be helped by him?

Tenses

Change as directed
1. She has come. (Past Ind.)
2. They did not sing. (Past Cont.)
3. Has she danced? (Present Per.)
4. Will he see you? (Past Per.)
5. He does not play. (Past Ind.)
6. My father went. (Present Ind. Neg.)
7. She is reading. (Past Ind.)
8. What will you do? (Future Cont.)
9. Has he gone? (Past Perfect)
10. Why has she been dancing for 2 years? (Past Perf. Cont.)
11. Had he passed the test? (Present Ind.)
12. She works hard. (Past Ind. Neg.)
13. He has bought 2 pens. (Future Ind. Interro.)
14. I love it. (Present Perfect Neg.)
15. She comes here. (Make Emphatic)

Answers:
1. She came.
2. They were not singing.
3. Has she danced?
4. Had he seen you?
5. He did not play.
6. My father does not go.
7. She read.
8. What will you be doing?
9. Had he gone?
10. Why had she been dancing for 2 years?
11. Does he pass the test?
12. She did not work hard.
13. Will he buy 2 pens?
14. I have not loved it.
15. She does come here.

Change into passive voice

1. Who has seen the wind?

2. Which work will you select?

3. You have to finish these tasks.

4. Can this bucket contain 2 kg of water?

5. Never deceive others.

Answer:

1. By whom has the wind been seen?

2. Which work will be selected by you?

3. These tasks have to be finished by you.

4. Can 2 kg of water be contained in this bucket?

5. You are advised never to deceive others.

Change the narration

1. My mother said, “When will you return here?"

2. They say to me, “You are great”.

3. He has said, “I shall build a house”.

4. My sister said, “Does she like your manners?”

5. The commander said, “Start firing”.

Answer:
1. My mother asked when I should return there.
2. They tell me that I am great.
3. He has said that he will build a house.
4. My sister asked if she liked my/his manners.
5. The commander ordered the soldiers to start firing.

TENSES

Tense denotes time, continuation or completeness of an action and state.

1. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/IMPERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

5. PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

6. PAST CONTINUOUS/IMPERFECT/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

9. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS/IMPERFECT/ PROGRESSIVE TENSE

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

HAKIKAT RAI SHARMA

TENSES

Present Indefinite Tense

Statement - He writes a letter.

I write a letter.

They write a letter.

Negative - He does not write a letter.

I do not write a letter.

They do not write a letter.

Interrogative - Does he write a letter?

Do I write a letter?

Do they write a letter?

Why does he write a letter?

Why do I write a letter?

Why do they write a letter?

Usage – It shows facts, habits, routine etc.

Present Continuous Tense

Statement - He is writing a letter.

Negative - He is not writing a letter.

Interrogative - Is he writing a letter?

Why is he writing a letter?

Why am I writing a letter?

Why are they writing a letter?

Usage - It shows an action going on at the time of speaking, a future action etc.

Present Perfect Tense

Statement - He has written a letter.

Negative - He has not written a letter.

Interrogative - Has he written a letter?

Why has he written a letter?

Why have I written a letter?

Why have they written a letter?

Usage – It shows an action started in past and completed in present, a past action etc.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Statement - He has been writing a letter for 2 hours.

Negative - He has not been writing a letter for 2 hours.

Interrogative - Has he been writing a letter for 2 hours?

Why has he been writing a letter for 2 hours?

Usage – It shows an action started in past and continuing in present.

Past Indefinite Tense

Statement – They sang a song.

They used to/would sing a song. (Showing Repeated Action)

Negative – They did not sing a song.

Interrogative – Did they sing a song?

Where did they sing a song?

Usage – It shows past actions, routine in past etc.

Past Continuous Tense

Statement – They were singing a song.

Negative - They were not singing a song.

Interrogative - Were they singing a song?

Where were they singing a song?

Where was I singing a song?

Where was he singing a song?

Usage – It shows an action, going on in past.

Past Perfect Tense

Statement – They had sung a song before I reached.

Negative - They had not sung a song before I reached.

Interrogative - Had they sung a song before I reached?

Where had they sung a song before I reached?

Usage – It shows an action, before or after a particular time.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Statement - They had been singing a song since 2 pm.

Negative - They had not been singing a song since 2 pm.

Interrogative - Had they been singing a song since 2 pm?

Where had they been singing a song since 2 pm?

Usage – It shows an action started in past and continuing in past for some time.

Future Indefinite Tense

Statement - John will play a match.

Negative - John will not play a match. .

Interrogative - Will John play a match?

Where will John play a match?

Where shall I play a match?

Where shall we play a match?

Usage – It shows actions and events in future.

Future Continuous Tense

Statement - John will be playing a match.

Negative - John will not be playing a match.

Interrogative - Will John be playing a match?

Where will john be playing a match?

Usage - It shows actions and events going on at a particular time in future.

Future Perfect Tense

Statement - John will have played a match by Monday.

Negative - John will not have played a match by Monday.

Interrogative - Will John have played a match by Monday?

How will John have played a match by Monday?

Usage –It shows an event or action done before or after a particular time in future etc.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Statement - John will have been singing a song for 4 hours.

Negative - John will not have been singing a song for 4 hours.

Interrogative - Will John have been singing a song for 4 hours?

How will John have been singing a song for 4 hours?

Usage – It shows an action started in future and continuing in

future for some time.

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DETERMINERS

Read the following sentences.

1. This book is very popular.

2. I have some friends.

3. There are many trees in this park.

4. I have your pen.

The underlined words in above sentences limit the meanings of the nouns before which they have been used.

A determiner is a word used before a noun and it modifies that noun.

Kinds of Determiners

1. Article Determiners:

There are two types of articles.

Definite – The

1. He reads the Hindustan Times.

2. She travelled by the Rajdhani Express.

3. The United States of America is a powerful country.

Indefinite - A and An

1. Tannu has a book.

2. You had a pet.

3. He joined a union.

1. Shifa has an umbrella.

2. My friend ate an apple.

3. Was he an honest man?

2. Demonstrative Determiners:

1. This purse is blue.

2. We lived in that house last year.

3 Can you lift that bag?

4. These rooms are air conditioned.

5 Those players are the winners.

6. I will buy those shirts.

3. Possessive Determiners:

1. Your computer is new.

2. His brother is an athlete.

3. My father is a renowned singer.

4. You must do your duty.

5. They will look into her case.

6. We love our nation.

4. Numeral Determiners:

A. Definite determiners:

1. Two dancers are sitting there. (Cardinal)

2. The second boy is my close friend. (Ordinal)

B. Indefinite Determiners:

Some boys are reading novels.

Many children are dancing.

Many a child is dancing.

All the rooms have been decorated.

He will take several hours to finish this task.

John has few books.

John has a few books.

John has read the few books he has.

C. Distributive Determiners:

1. Each participant will be honoured.

2. Every student has to attend the class.

3. You can take either flower.

4. Neither film is interesting.

5. Quantitative Determiners:

Some: Please give me some milk.

Any: There is not any money in my pocket.

No: They have no water.

Much: He has much knowledge.

More: Mary has more curd than John.

Little - He had little money.

A little - He had a little money.

He spent the little money he had.

Less: This cup has less ice cream than that cup.

Exercise

Fill up the blanks with correct determiners.

1. I want to become_______engineer.

2. She has_________new book.

3. I will give you______money I have.

4. I cannot help you because I have_______money.

5. There are_______students in computer labs. Go there after some time.

6. There were_______ persons at the dinner. There was a shortage of food due to this reason.

7. She is mischievous like________girls.

8.________knowledge is a dangerous thing.

9. Honesty is_____ best policy.

10. My father is a kind man. He distributes__________ blankets among the poor.

Answers:

1. an

2. a

3. the little

4. no

5. many/a lot of

6. many/a lot of

7. those/these

8. a little

9. the

10. many/a lot of

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GRAMMAR
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs:

1. He plays a match.

2. They followed me.

3. Does he see films?

4. My father painted a picture.

5. John has not produced these films.

Intransitive Verbs:

1. Birds fly.

2. They have been laughing for an hour.

3. She sang.

4. Our mother will be smiling.

5. A baby cried.

One verb used Transitively and Intransitively:

1. My uncle ran a race. (Transitive)

My uncle ran. (Intransitive)

2. Parrots flew away. (Intransitive)

Boys flew kites. (Transitive)

A transitive verb needs an object.

An intransitive verb needs no object.

Write whether the verb in the following sentences is Transitive or Intransitive against each sentence.

1. Students jumped.

2. Teachers taught new lessons.

3. The officer did not come.

4. My friend composed poems.

5. Why are you disturbing me?

6. Were you behaving well?

Answers:

1. Intransitive

2. Transitive

3. Intransitive

4. Transitive

5. Transitive

6. Intransitive

Hakikat Rai Sharma

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HOW TO USE

Degrees of Comparison

Positive Degree:

1. She is a great player.

2. He is a successful player.

3. My brother is a good singer.

4. She is a senior doctor.

Comparative Degree:

1. She is a greater player than John.

2. He is more successful than some other players.

3. My brother is a better singer than Lakshy.

4. That doctor is senior to me.

Superlative Degree:

1. She is the greatest player.

2. He is the most successful player.

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GRAMMAR

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

Subject – The word which shows the doer of an action or somebody /something about whom/which something is said is called the subject in a sentence.

Predicate – All the words except the subject in a sentence are known as the predicate.

1. She reads a book.

S P

2. Why is she weeping?

P S P

3. It is raining.

S P

4. There was a king.

S P

5. Down went, he.

P S

6. A good man is standing there.

S P

7. What is your friend doing?

P S P

8. I have no hobby.

S P

9. These books are theirs.

S P

10. Is your purse costly?

P S P

P - PREDICATE

S – SUBJECT

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GRAMMAR

Articles

There are two types of articles.

Indefinite - A and An

Definite – The

There are five vowel letters – a, e, i, o and u.

There are 21 consonant letters – b, c, d etc all except vowel letters.

Sometimes ‘y’ represents a vowel sound and ‘u’ represents a consonant sound.

In ‘why’, ‘y’ has a vowel sound.

In ‘union’, ‘u’ has a consonant sound.

Examples

1. Tannu has a book.

2. You had a pet.

3. He joined a union.

4. I have read in a university.

5. Did Mary sing a song?

Examples

1. Shifa has an umbrella.

2. My friend ate an apple.

3. They bought an inkpot.

4. She carried an umbrella.

5. Was he an honest man?

The

Examples

11. He reads the Hindustan Times.

22. She travelled by the Rajdhani Express.

33. John reads the Bible.

44. Smith has seen the Taj Mahal.

55. The sun rises in the east.

66. Kitkal is the best student.

77. I have seen the Himalayas.

88. Always help the poor.

99. See the second book.

110. The United States of America is a powerful country.

I Important – Pronunciation of ‘the’

I I bought an apple. The apple was sweet.

I I saw a film. The film was interesting.

Supply correct articles.

1. ------ boy and ------ old man are coming ----- old man is very weak.

2. They will go to -------- restaurant.

3. I am ------ soldier and my younger brother is------ athlete.

4. As it was raining, I took ----- umbrella.

5. Once I met --------- hermit when he was reading ------- Ramayana.

6. I sat under ------ tree and waited for ----- hermit to be free.

Answers:

1. a, an & the

2. a

3. a & an

4. an

5. a, the, a & the

Note: Refer to grammar books for more details.

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MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS

Verb – A verb is a word which denotes an action or existence.

Main Verbs

1. My father is a teacher.

2. I am a singer.

3. Smith and his son are players.

4. Your grandmother was a writer.

5. Her friends were happy.

6. The monitor has a diary.

7. Those students have pens.

8. Ram had a bouquet.

Helping Verbs

1. My father is going.

2. I am singing.

3. Smith and his son are playing.

4. Your grandmother was writing a letter.

5. Her friends were dancing.

6. The monitor has lost a diary.

7. Those students have bought pens.

8. Ram had passed.

Helping Verb - Auxiliary Verb

Main Verb – Principal Verb & Lexical Verb

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PARTS OF SPEECH

Noun - A noun is the name of a place, a person, an animal or a thing.

Examples

1. Ram laughs.

2. I like that book.

Pronoun - A word that is used in place of a noun is called a pronoun.

Examples

1. Sanjay has not come because he has to attend his office

2. Mrs. Smith works here. She is hand working.

Adjective - A word that modifies a noun or a pronoun to denote quality, quality etc is called an adjective.

Examples

1. This bag is red.

2. There are many boys.

Verb - A word that denotes an action or existence is called a verb.

Examples

1. He reads a book.

2. She is a pilot.

Adverb - A word that adds more information about a place, time, a manner, to a verb, an adjective or another adverb etc is called an adverb.

Examples

1. She sang melodiously.

2. They laugh heartily.

Preposition - A preposition is a word which is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to other words in a sentence.

Examples

1. The train arrived at 7 pm.

2. John lives in Mumbai.

Conjunction - A word that connects words, phrases, clauses and sentences is called a conjunction.

Examples

1. Harry and John are playing.

2. He worked very hard but he could not pass.

Interjection - A word that expresses sudden feelings & emotions is called an interjection.

Examples

1. Alas! She has failed.

2. What a beautiful bird it is!

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THE USE OF SINCE AND FOR

(With Definite Time) (With Indefinite Time)

Since For

2 o’ clock a week

Monday a month

1978 a century

3 pm a decade

Birth a year

5^ThJanuary 2 years

February many days

Morning a long time

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GRAMMAR

There are different uses of ‘It’.

1. It is 4 o’ clock.

2. It is an elephant.

3. It is wrong.

4. It is Sunday today.

5. It is ‘I’.

6. It is 5^th April today.

7. It is late.

8. It is morning.

9. It is cold today.

10. The baby is smiling. It is very active.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 'THERE' AND 'THEIR'

THERE

A 1. There is a good story.

2. There was a lion.

B 1. She danced there.

2. Rakesh will meet me there.

THEIR

1. They send their son to me for guidance.

2. It is their school.

4. Their books are on the table.

5. Students came to school with their parents.

THEIRS

1. Our house is as beautiful as theirs.

2. These poems are theirs.

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USES OF ‘THERE’

A. 1. I went there.

2. Please stop there.

B. 1. There was a kind king.

2. There is nothing here.

3. There is no need to go there.

4. Is there any problem in this matter?

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Haqeeqat Ki Shikshaprad Kahaniyaan (Haqeeqat's Educative stories)

Monday, 6 June 2016

For Students - GRAMMAR

Change the voice

Tenses

Change into passive voice

Change the narration

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